Construction of traveling clusters in the Hamiltonian mean-field model by nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal waves.

Traveling clusters are ubiquitously observed in the Hamiltonian mean-field model for a wide class of initial states, which are not predicted to become spatially inhomogeneous states by nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and by nonlinear Landau damping. To predict such a cluster state from a given initial state, we combine nonequilibrium statistical mechanics and a construction method of Bernstein-Greene-Kruskal (BGK) waves with the aid of phenomenological assumptions. The phenomenological theory is partially successful, and the theoretically constructed cluster states are in good agreement with N-body simulations. Robustness of the theory is also discussed for unsuccessful initial states.